Hereby, swarmer cells usually undergo cell differentiation leading to elongated snake- or rod-shaped cells with multiple polar or peritrichous flagella.
1 This behavior is driven by flagella in a thin-liquid film on semi-solid surfaces. One form of motility-the rapid movement of groups of flagellated cells across surfaces-is termed swarming. Population behaviors range from the formation of sessile biofilms to various forms of cellular motility. Herein, an overview of the achievements in the field and future directions and challenges will be presented.īacteria display numerous well-regulated forms of population behavior to colonize ecological niches, cope with adverse conditions, and adapt to competitive or collaborative interactions with other species. Over the past decades, there has been major progress in the discovery of small-molecule modulators and mechanisms that allow selective inhibition of swarming behavior. In addition, compounds that block swarming represent important tools for more detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of the coordination of bacterial population behavior. Controlling swarming behavior is of major interest for the development of novel anti-infective strategies. Consequently, the differentiation of motile swarmer cells is tightly regulated and involves multi-layered signaling networks.
Swarming is associated with enhanced virulence and antibiotic resistance of various human pathogens and may be considered as favorable adaptation to the diverse challenges that microbes face in rapidly changing environments.
This coordinated form of motility is called swarming behavior. Bacteria can migrate in groups of flagella-driven cells over semisolid surfaces.
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